The Role of Advanced Metering Infrastructure Data Analytics in Metering

  By ,

Introduction

Smart meters have revolutionized the way we monitor and manage energy consumption. These advanced devices collect real-time data on electricity usage, enabling utilities and consumers to make informed decisions. In this article, we’ll explore how advanced metering infrastructure data analytics enhances smart metering and contributes to the evolution of smart grids.

ami data analytics advanced metering infrastructure data analytics

1. Insights from Smart Meter Data

Advanced metering infrastructure data provides detailed information about energy consumption patterns. By analyzing these streams of data, operators can gain insights into demand characteristics. These insights are invaluable for improving grid operation, planning, and reliability1.

2. Benefits of Advanced Metering Infrastructure Data Analytics in Metering

Here are some key benefits of leveraging AMI data analytics in the energy sector:

a. Demand Response Optimization

Data analytics allows utilities to optimize demand response programs. By understanding peak demand periods, they can incentivize consumers to reduce energy usage during critical times, thus balancing the grid more effectively.

b. Anomaly Detection

Smart meter data analytics can identify anomalies such as sudden spikes or drops in consumption. Detecting irregular patterns helps prevent equipment failures and ensures efficient energy distribution.

c. Customer Engagement

Utilities can engage with customers by providing personalized insights into their energy usage. By understanding their consumption habits, consumers can make informed decisions to save energy and reduce costs.

d. Predictive Maintenance

Data analytics enables predictive maintenance of grid assets. By analyzing historical data, utilities can schedule maintenance activities proactively, minimizing downtime and improving reliability.

e. Load Forecasting

Accurate load forecasting is essential for grid planning. Data analytics models can predict future demand based on historical patterns, helping utilities allocate resources effectively. These models can also help predict load changes from utility-scale solar generation.

f. Rate Plan Development

Using load profile data, utilities can create customized rate plans based on individual consumption patterns. These rate plans include rates like TOU, critical peak pricing, coincident peak, and even prepaid rate plans. Data analytics ensures fair pricing and encourages energy-efficient behavior.

3. Challenges and Opportunities

While data analytics offers immense potential, there are challenges to overcome. These include data privacy, scalability, and integration with legacy systems. However, advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) present exciting opportunities for enhancing smart metering systems1.

Conclusion

Data analytics is the backbone of modern energy management. By harnessing the power of smart meter data, we can build more reliable, efficient, and sustainable energy grids. As technology continues to evolve, the role of data analytics will only become more critical in shaping the future of energy.

References:

  1. Yadav, Kusum. “A Review on Smart Metering Using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Techniques: Challenges and Solutions.” Intelligent Systems Reference Library, vol. 247, Springer, 2023.

Demand Response: Balancing Energy Needs and Grid Stability

  By ,

Introduction

Demand response (DR) is a critical strategy in the energy sector, allowing consumers to actively manage their electricity usage. In this article, we’ll explore what demand response is, its significance, and how it impacts both consumers and the grid. Additionally, we’ll delve into the concept of demand meters and their role in measuring and calculating demand.

Demand Response: Balancing Energy Needs and Grid Stability

What Is Demand Response?

  1. Definition:
    • Demand response involves adjusting electricity consumption based on external signals, such as price incentives or real-time dispatch instructions.
    • It aims to balance the grid by shifting or shedding electricity demand during peak periods.
    • As renewable energy sources like wind and solar generation become dominant, demand response becomes increasingly crucial.
  2. Why Demand Response Matters:
    • Traditional grid management adjusts supply (power plant production) to meet demand. However, demand-side adjustments are equally important.
    • Innovations in grid technologies like AMI are paving the way for demand response programs.
    • DR helps match power demand with supply, improving grid stability.
    • Customers receive signals (e.g., off-peak metering) to modify their consumption behavior.
    • It reduces strain during peak hours and supports sustainable energy practices.
    • Demand response programs may soon be crucial for utilities to adopt as crypto mining, and EV charging puts more of a strain on existing infrastructure.

Calculating Demand

  1. Understanding Demand:
    • Electricity bills typically include two charges: energy (kWh) and demand (measured in kilowatt-hours, and kW).
    • kWh represents the total energy used over a billing cycle.
    • Demand reflects the rate at which energy is used (kW).
  2. Example:
    • Consider two scenarios:
      • Customer A: Runs 10 light bulbs (100 watts each) for one hour.
      • Customer B: Runs one light bulb (100 watts) continuously for one hour.
    • Customer A’s demand is higher, 1 kW, due to simultaneous bulb usage, requiring a larger transformer.
    • Customer B’s demand is lower 0.1 kW.
  3. Utility Perspective:
    • Demand charges help utilities recover infrastructure costs.
    • Larger equipment for high-demand customers requires substantial investment.
    • Demand charges incentivize efficient energy use.

Demand Meters

  1. What Are Demand Meters?:
    • Demand meters measure and record peak power consumption.
    • They are essential for commercial and industrial customers. Some utilities now offer demand rates for residential customers as well.
    • Demand meters calculate demand within the meter itself.
  2. Calculation Methods:
    • Demand can be calculated using block or rolling scales.
    • A few common demand intervals are 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes.

Conclusion

Demand response plays a pivotal role in maintaining grid stability and promoting sustainable energy practices. By understanding demand meters and actively managing consumption, consumers like cryptocurrency miners can use demand response programs to contribute to a more efficient and reliable power system.

Remember, every kilowatt counts!

Impact of Renewable Energy on Metering: Navigating the Transition

  By

As the world embraces renewable energy sources, the landscape of energy metering undergoes significant transformations. In this blog post, we delve into the impact of renewable energy on metering, exploring how solar panels, wind turbines, and other sustainable sources intersect with the metering ecosystem.

Impact of Renewable Energy on Metering

1. Net Metering: Empowering Solar Panel Owners

Understanding Net Metering

Net metering is a critical component of the solar industry. It allows homeowners and businesses with solar panels to connect their systems to the grid. Here’s how it works:

  1. Energy Exchange: When your solar panels generate excess electricity during sunny days, the surplus energy flows back into the grid.
  2. Credit Accumulation: The utility credits you for this surplus energy, effectively “storing” it for later use.
  3. Balancing Act: On cloudy days or at night, when your panels produce less energy, you draw electricity from the grid, offsetting it against your accumulated credits.

Benefits of Net Metering

  • Efficiency: Automated data collection reduces the need for manual meter readings.
  • Accuracy: Automation minimizes human errors associated with manual readings.
  • Real-Time Data: Net metering provides real-time consumption data, aiding better energy management.
  • Improved Customer Service: Utilities can offer detailed consumption reports and data analytics to respond promptly to customer queries.

Challenges and Real-World Applications

While net metering brings benefits, challenges include initial investment costs, skilled personnel requirements, and data security concerns. However, successful implementations are evident worldwide.

2. Wind Turbines and Net Metering

Wind Turbine Integration

Net metering isn’t exclusive to solar panels. Small wind turbines can also benefit from this system. Here’s how:

  1. Behind-the-Meter Connection: Wind turbines connect behind the meter at homes, businesses, or farms.
  2. Offsetting Electricity Usage: Energy generated offsets part or all of the electricity consumed.
  3. Excess Energy Sale: If the turbine produces more than needed, the excess is sold back to the utility.

State-Specific Programs

Many U.S. states and the District of Columbia have net metering programs. Each state has unique rules and regulations. To explore your state’s net metering options, visit the Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy.

3. Buy All Sell All Arrangement

Understanding Buy All Sell All

The “buy all sell all” arrangement is another approach to renewable energy metering. It allows small-scale renewable energy producers to connect back into the grid. Here’s how it works:

  • Two-Meter Setup: In this arrangement, two meters are typically employed. One meter measures the energy consumed by customers, while the other measures the energy they produce.
  • Utility Interaction: You continue buying all the power you use from the utility company as usual. Simultaneously, any excess power generated by your solar panels or wind turbines is sold back to the utility.
  • Avoided Cost Credit: Instead of reducing your bill directly, you receive an avoided cost credit. The utility pays you at a predetermined rate (usually close to the wholesale rate they pay).

Is It Right for You?

  • If it’s the only option available, then yes.
  • If net metering is available, it’s probably a better option, allowing you to trade retail kWh per retail kWh.
  • Always read your rates carefully to ensure they make sense for your specific circumstances.

5. Demand Response and Solar Energy

Demand Response: Balancing Consumption and Production

Demand response is a crucial aspect of energy metering, especially in the context of solar energy. Let’s explore how it impacts the transition to a sustainable future:

  1. Understanding Demand Response:
    • Demand response involves adjusting electricity consumption based on supply conditions.
    • For solar energy, this means aligning energy usage with solar production peaks.
  2. Solar Energy and Demand Response:
    • Solar panels generate the most electricity during sunny hours.
    • By shifting high-energy-consuming activities (like running appliances) to coincide with solar production, homeowners can optimize their energy usage.
    • This practice reduces reliance on non-renewable sources during peak demand.
  3. Benefits of Demand Response:
    • Grid Stability: Balancing supply and demand enhances grid stability.
    • Cost Savings: Efficient energy use leads to lower bills.
    • Environmental Impact: Reduced reliance on fossil fuels benefits the environment.
  4. Challenges and Opportunities:
    • Education: Educating consumers about demand response is essential.
    • Policy Support: Policies that incentivize demand response can accelerate adoption.
    • Smart Meters: Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) enables real-time monitoring and facilitates demand response.

Learn more about demand metering.

In conclusion, as we transition to cleaner energy sources, demand response becomes a powerful tool for balancing consumption and production, contributing to a sustainable energy future. Another way to reduce consumption using renewable sources is by installing a solar water heater.

Metering for Electric Vehicles (EVs): Navigating Challenges and Solutions

  By

Electric vehicles (EVs) are no longer a futuristic concept; they’re now a tangible reality on our roads. As the world transitions toward cleaner transportation, the impact of EVs extends beyond the automotive industry. One critical aspect that demands attention is metering. In this comprehensive post, we delve into the intricacies of metering for EVs, exploring challenges, solutions, and the role of smart metering.

metering for electric vehicles

1. The EV Surge: A Metering Paradigm Shift

1.1 The Rise of EVs

The proliferation of EVs is undeniable. From sleek sedans to rugged SUVs, EVs are capturing the imagination of consumers worldwide. As EV adoption accelerates, the energy landscape undergoes a seismic shift. But how does this impact metering?

1.2 The Metering Conundrum

Traditional energy metering systems were never designed for with electric vehicles in mind. Now, with EVs drawing power from the grid, metering faces unique challenges:

  1. Load Variation: EV charging introduces sudden load spikes, stressing the grid during peak hours. Home charging can happen at anytime and as more consumers purchase they are going to want to be able to charge them anytime. EVs grid operators and utilities must be ready to meet this new demand by strategic system upgrades.
  2. Infrastructure Compatibility: Existing meters, transformers, and cables,may not handle the increased demand efficiently. There will be a need to increase service sizes for residential and commercial customers to meet the growing needs of consumers wanting to be able to charge their EVs at the same time.
  3. Data Accuracy: Accurate consumption data is crucial for billing and grid management. Utilities and grid operators need access to accurate data to be able to shift load around their systems to keep up with demand.

2. Challenges and Solutions

2.1 Load Management

EVs charge at different times, straining the grid. Smart meters play a pivotal role here:

  • Automated Meter Reading (AMR): AMR systems eliminated manual readings and enhanced accuracy. However, a growing need for enhanced data and communication is leading more utilities to adopt AMI systems.
  • Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI): AMI systems enable two-way communication, real-time monitoring, and remote control.
  • Peak Shaving: Smart meters equip utilities with data that enables utilities to offer rates that promote off-peak charging, reducing strain during peak hours.
  • Demand Response: Real-time data allows utilities to manage load more effectively utimately allowing the most efficient use of the grid.

2.2 Infrastructure Upgrades

  • Smart Grids: Upgrading grids with smart meters ensures seamless EV integration. The key here is data. The data received from the advanced meters is what allows utilities to make informed decisions on where upgrades make the most sense.
  • Standardization: Standardized EV chargers simplify installation and maintenance.

2.3 Data Security and Privacy

  • Encryption: Protecting EV data from cyber threats is paramount.
  • Privacy Policies: Clear guidelines safeguard user information.

3. The Role of Smart Metering

3.1 Streamlining

  • Efficiency: Automated data collection reduces resource-intensive manual readings.
  • Accuracy: Eliminates human errors associated with manual processes.
  • Real-time Data: AMI provides real-time consumption insights.

4. Real-world Applications

4.1 Europe’s Mandate

  • EU mandates drive AMI adoption, aiming for 80% smart meter coverage by 2020.

4.2 U.S. Acceleration

  • The 2009 Smart Grid Investment Grant program propelled AMI deployment in the U.S.

5. Conclusion

As EVs become commonplace, metering must evolve. Smart metering bridges the gap, ensuring efficient energy management. Whether it’s load balancing, infrastructure upgrades, or data security, smart meters hold the key to a sustainable EV future.

For more insights on metering, explore our other articles:

Stay informed, stay empowered, and embrace the EV revolution! 🚗🔌

Smart Meters and Their Crucial Role in the Evolution of Smart Grids

  By , ,
Smart Meters and Their Crucial Role in the Evolution of Smart Grids

Introduction

As our world transitions toward cleaner and more sustainable energy sources, the development and evolution of smart grids becomes increasingly vital. These intelligent energy networks leverage digital technology to optimize electricity supply and demand, ensuring reliable and cost-effective power delivery. At the heart of this transformation lies a critical component: smart meters.

But how do smart meters communicate with each other and with other grid components? The communication architecture of smart grids typically relies on a combination of wired and wireless technologies, such as power line communication (PLC), radio frequency (RF), cellular networks, and internet protocols. Smart meters use these communication channels to relay data to utility control centers, where it is aggregated, analyzed, and used to optimize grid operations, predict demand, and identify potential faults or outages proactively.

In this comprehensive blog post, we delve into the multifaceted world of smart meters, exploring their role in shaping the evolution of smart grids, their communication mechanisms, and the benefits and challenges they present.

The Emergence of Smart Grids

Before we dive into smart meters, let’s understand why we need a truly smart grid:

  1. Growing Energy Demand: As we electrify transportation and shift away from fossil fuels, electricity consumption is set to soar. The International Energy Agency predicts a significant rise in electricity demand over the coming years.
  2. Renewable Energy Integration: To meet this growing demand while reducing carbon emissions, there is a push to ramp up renewable energy production. However, the intermittent nature of wind and solar power poses challenges for grid management.
  3. Digitization for Optimization: Advanced technologies like sensors, machine learning algorithms, and cloud computing enable us to optimize electricity generation, distribution, and consumption. Enter the smart grid.

Smart Meters: The Cornerstone of Smart Grids

Smart meters, also called advanced meters, play a pivotal role in the transition to smart grids. Here’s why they matter:

  1. Real-Time Data: Smart meters provide detailed, real-time data on energy consumption. They replace traditional mechanical meters and allow automated transfers of information between customers and energy providers.
  2. Two-Way Communication: Smart meters enable two-way communication between consumers and utility companies. This communication ensures reliable operation, better maintenance, outage notifications, and optimal demand management.
  3. Applications and Benefits:
    • Demand-Side Management: Smart meters facilitate demand-side management, especially with the rise of electric vehicles (EVs) and new technologies like 5G/6G networks.
    • Infrastructure Sizing and Upgrade: Data-driven algorithms help plan infrastructure upgrades efficiently.
    • Generation Forecasting: Smart meters aid in predicting energy generation.
    • Privacy and Cybersecurity Challenges: Protecting user privacy and ensuring cybersecurity are critical challenges.
    • Reduce Outage Times: Utilizing data from AMI systems, utilities are better able to reduce outage times. Utilities can tie outage alerts from advanced meters to outage managements systems to respond to outages without customers even reporting an outage.

Benefits of Smart Meters

  1. Energy Efficiency: Smart meters empower consumers with real-time information, allowing them to make informed decisions about energy usage. Dynamic pricing models encourage energy-saving behaviors.
  2. Grid Optimization: Utilities gain insights into energy consumption patterns, enabling better grid management and load balancing. One way utilities are able to do this is with data analytics.
  3. Integration of Renewable Energy: Smart meters facilitate the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources by providing accurate data for grid optimization.
  4. Introduce New Rates: With the information gained from AMI data, utilities can offer new rates to customers. Some customers may be able to take advantage of Time of Use rates by having access to their own data.
  5. Fault Detection and Remote Diagnostics: With the ability to detect anomalies and potential faults in the grid, smart meters enable utilities to identify and address issues promptly, minimizing downtime and improving reliability.

Challenges and Solutions

  1. Privacy and Security: Smart meters collect sensitive data. Robust privacy-preserving measures and robust cybersecurity protocols are essential.
  2. Data Transmission: Ensuring high-resolution, real-time data transmission is crucial. Improved communication infrastructure can address this challenge.
  3. Global Deployment: While smart meter adoption is surging globally, challenges persist. Collaborative efforts among countries and regulatory bodies are necessary.
  4. Cost and Infrastructure: The upfront cost of deploying smart meters and upgrading grid infrastructure can be substantial, posing financial challenges for utilities and necessitating careful planning and investment.
  5. Customer Acceptance: Despite the potential benefits, some consumers may have reservations about smart meters, citing concerns about privacy, radiation exposure, or perceived loss of control over energy usage.

Conclusion

Smart meters are not just about measuring energy; they are the linchpin connecting consumers, utilities, and the smart grid. By addressing challenges and maximizing benefits, we can unlock the full potential of smart meters and create a sustainable energy future for all.

Smart meters represent a cornerstone of the transition to smarter, more sustainable energy systems. By providing real-time visibility into energy consumption and enabling two-way communication between consumers and utilities, these devices are driving the evolution of smart grids worldwide. Despite the challenges and complexities involved, the potential benefits—enhanced grid reliability, increased energy efficiency, and greater consumer empowerment—far outweigh the obstacles. As we navigate the evolution of smart grids and transition towards a more connected and resilient energy future, smart meters will continue to play a central role in shaping the grid of tomorrow.

AMR vs AMI: Understanding Advanced Meter Reading Systems and Infrastructure

  By
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Automated Meter Reading (AMR)

Introduction

In the realm of utility management, two technologies have revolutionized the way we monitor and control energy usage: Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and Automated Meter Reading (AMR). These systems have transformed traditional meter reading methods, paving the way for more efficient and accurate data collection. What is AMI meter reading, what is AMR meter reading, and what is the difference between AMI and AMR?

Understanding AMI and AMR

Automated Meter Reading (AMR) is a technology that automates the process of collecting consumption data from energy metering devices. It eliminates the need for manual meter readings, reducing human error and increasing efficiency.

On the other hand, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is a remote electric meter reading system that is much more comprehensive. It not only automates data collection and allows data analytics, but also enables two-way communication between the meter and the central system. This allows for real-time monitoring, remote control, and a host of other advanced features.

The Technology Behind AMI and AMR

AMR systems primarily use drive-by or walk-by technologies. A utility worker with a handheld device can collect data from multiple meters without needing to access each one physically. Some AMR systems also use fixed networks for data transmission, using technologies like radio frequency (RF), power line communication (PLC), or telephony.

AMI remote electric meter reading systems, being more advanced, use a variety of communication technologies, including RF, PLC, cellular, and broadband. The choice of technology depends on factors like the utility’s requirements, the geographical area, and the existing infrastructure.

Benefits of AMI and AMR

Implementing AMI and AMR systems brings numerous benefits:

  1. Efficiency: Automated data collection reduces the time and resources required for manual meter reading.
  2. Accuracy: Automation eliminates human errors associated with manual readings.
  3. Real-time Data: AMI systems provide real-time consumption data, enabling better energy management.
  4. Customer Service: With accurate and timely data, utilities can offer improved services to customers, like detailed consumption reports and quicker response to queries.

Challenges and Real-World Applications

Despite the benefits, implementing AMI and AMR is not without challenges. These include the high initial investment, the need for skilled personnel to manage the systems, and concerns about data security and privacy. In the real world these systems are also used to bring back data from renewable energy systems.

AMI systems enable utilities to create demand response programs customers can participate in to create a more sustainable grid.

However, many utilities worldwide have successfully implemented these systems. For instance, in Europe, AMI adoption has been driven by EU mandates requiring member states to equip 80% of consumers with smart meters by 2020. In the U.S., the 2009 Smart Grid Investment Grant program accelerated AMI deployment.

Conclusion

As we move towards a more connected and data-driven world, technologies like AMI and AMR will play a crucial role in energy management. Despite the challenges, their benefits in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and improved customer service make them a worthwhile investment for utilities worldwide. As these technologies continue to evolve, we can expect even more innovative solutions in the future.

Form 16s Meter Wiring Diagram

  By ,

The Form 16s meter is one of the most commonly used meter forms to meter a three phase service. It is what is known as a self-contained meter, meaning that all of its parts are contained under the cover.

What type of service does a Form 16s meter?

The Form 16s meter is typically used to meter the 4 wire wye service. This service generally comes in two different voltage choices. It is normally available as a 120/208v service, or a 277/480v service.

Also, this meter is normally only used on services of less than 400 amps. A CL 320 Form 16s meter is used for 400 amp services, while a CL 200 Form 16s meter is used for 200 amp services and less.

Wiring diagram for Form 16s 4 wire wye meter

What kind of meter base does a Form 16s meter use?

This meter utilizes a seven terminal meter base. It is also very common to find seven terminal meter bases that have meter bypass capabilities. In this type of meter base there is generally a handle that must be raised in order to bypass the meter.

Some meter bases that utilize bypass handles actually open the jaws of the meter base allowing for easy installation and removal of the meter. One thing that you must remember when dealing with a meter base that has bypass capabilities is that both the top and bottom side (line and load side) of the meter base remain energized when the bypass handle is in the closed position.

Best Practices

Although Form 16s meters can be used in 277/480v services, my opinion is that this should be avoided whenever possible. The reason for this is that whenever the meter is installed and removed, there is a great potential for an arc flash. The better option for 277/480v services is to install a CT Cabinet and use PTs to step the voltage down to a safer level.

Discover the key differences between Form 9 and Form 16 meters, and how each impacts your utility metering needs. Our in-depth guide simplifies these complex concepts, helping you make informed decisions for accurate energy billing. Don’t miss out on understanding which form is right for your system! Read more here.

Basic Electricity for Metering

  By

Electricity in our Lives

No single discovery has influenced our lives and existence more than electricity. We observe a huge usage of electricity in our daily life. Electricity is everywhere. It lights our homes, cooks food, runs our mobile gadgets, and plays shows on TV for us. Electricity provides air-conditioning for us to live and work in a suitable environment. It provides massive assistance in medical and medicine field, saving thousands of life and making our life more livable and better. It would not be possible to communicate with each other from such long distances without electricity. People now can read books and online articles on a computer sitting at home instead of physically going to libraries. Electricity has made our daily routine more efficient and productive. To understand anything about the basic energy meter, you will need to know about basic electricity.

Basic Principles of Electricity

Electricity is basically a flow of electrons in a circuit in the presence of some potential difference across a circuit. Electricity reaches our homes in the United States generally with three wires. One wire of either black or red color is called live or hot wire, while the other wire of either white or grey color is called neutral wire. Finally, there is a green or bare wire called the ground wire. The live, or hot, wire has a certain potential with respect to neutral wire and it provides electric current to all appliances, while the neutral wire collects all current back to grid. There is another wire in our home circuitry called ground wire which helps protect us from electric shock.

Faraday’s Law

Electricity is produced on the Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction. This principle says that if a closed circuit loop/coil moves back and forth, or rotates in a magnetic field, then electricity is generated in that circuit. Electric generators use this principle to produce electricity.

Current, Voltage, and Resistance

Electricity is mainly characterized by three basic electrical quantities which are current, voltage and resistance. The current is composed of the flow of electrons through a particular point in the circuit. It is defined as: “the number of electrons passing through any particular cross section of wire in one second”. It is measured in amperes (A) and is represented by following formula:

I=dQ/dt

  Where Q is electrons, and t is time.

The voltage, or potential difference, is basically the driving force if electrons in a closed circuit. Voltage is measured in volts. It is usually denoted by V and represented by following formula:

V=dW/dQ

  Where W is work done, and Q represents the charge in coulombs

The third electrical quantity is resistance (R) which is defined as: “the measure of opposition to the flow of current in a circuit”. It basically limits the current flow in a circuit. It is measured in ohms (Ω). Resistance of a material is related to its physical properties. Based on the resistance, there are three types of material, which are:

  1. Conductors which pass
    electric current easily
  2. Semi-conductors which
    allow to flow current under certain conditions
  3. Insulators which do not
    allow current to flow through them

You can visualize how an electric circuit works based on a filled water tank with a hole at the bottom of it. The water represents the amount of current which is coming out that hole. This water flow is limited by the dimensions of the hole which represents resistance. While the speed of water coming out depends upon height of water level which represents the voltage level.

The current, voltage and resistance are related to each other by Ohm’s law. This law states: “the electric current in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage” and is represented by following equation:

V=I*R

  Where V is voltage, I is current and R is resistance.

Direct Current and Alternating Current

There are two types of current or electricity. One is AC which is Alternating Current and other is DC which is Direct Current. Alternating current is defined as: “the current which changes its magnitude and direction with respect to time in a circuit” while direct current is defined as “the current whose magnitude and direction remains constant with respect to time”. Electric generators produce AC current based on Faraday’s electromagnetic induction principle, while batteries or cells produce DC current based on chemical reactions inside them.

The electricity that utility companies provide to their consumers is generally AC. Electricity has voltage level of 120V and frequency 60Hz in United States, while it is normally 220V and 50Hz in most European countries. However industries and factories may utilize three phases AC electricity because of their heavy loads.

Watts

Power, measured in watts, comes from multiplying the voltage times the current in a circuit. For example, a ceiling fan has load of around 100W, while iron has around 1000W as well. The electric energy for billing is measured in kilowatt hour (kWh) units. Kilowatt hours are recorded by the electric energy meters installed outside most homes and businesses. Kilowatt hours (kWh) are equal to the number of watts an appliance is rated for times the number of hours of usage for that appliance. If a 1000W load runs for 1 hour, it will be equal to 1kWh. The electricity bill of a consumer is calculated based on the number of kilowatt hours a customer uses in a month.

Why Does it Seem Like my Power Bill Keeps Going Up?

  By ,

Your power bill can be one of the largest variable costs that your family pays each and every month. Because of that, it can be an emotional thing when the bill is higher than normal, or if it continues to climb higher and higher. What I want to show you today are a few simple and free steps that you can take to start troubleshooting you high power bill and get you on the path to lowering that energy bill.

power bill keeps going up

Step 1

The first step to figuring out why you power bill keeps going up is to look at your past billing statements. If your utility has an AMI system you might be able to download your load profile data. Not just the one from last month, but preferably the one from the same month last year. You need to look at the number of kilowatt hours (kWh), that you were billed for last year in the same month. If there is a large difference you may have a problem. If the difference is close then that just means that you are using about the same amount of energy this year that you did at this time last year. This is your average. If you do not have access to this information contact your customer service department and they should be able to provide it for you.

Step 2

If you have determined that you are using much more electricity this year than you were last year the first thing that you need to consider is your heating and cooling system. The heating and cooling system is by far the largest consumer of energy in the home. Sometimes you already know that you are having a problem but you just do not want to admit it to yourself. Maybe the house is just not getting warm enough or cool enough. Sometimes we like to compensate by adding space heaters or window units. While these things work great to keep us comfortable, they can really increase your power bill.

Step 3

Once you have decided that, or ruled out, your heating and air system are the culprit of you high bill, it is time to start troubleshooting. Knowing how to read your meter will be helpful as well as knowing how to do a watt load check. These will help you determine what is pulling all of the load in your home. To find out what is making your bill so high you will need a partner. This partner will either go stand in front of the meter or will turn things off at the breaker panel for you. Note, only turn things off in the panel if everything looks safe and you feel safe doing it. There are many old panels out there that are falling apart these days. Approach at your own risk. Also know that turning breakers on and off has been known to break them requiring replacement, so be careful.

When you turn off a breaker, if there is a load that is being fed by that breaker, it will turn off. When it does, the meter will slow down or stop. So, you want to continue turning off your breakers one at a time until you find the one that turns off a large load. This could be your culprit. Sometimes it is tough to track down. Many times you will think that there is nothing on yet the meter is still spinning. Turn the breakers off until you find it and then go around the house and find out what is off. That is what is using the energy.

Step 4

Once have everything tracked down you need to calculate your bill. Doing this will help you understand your energy usage and will help you save on your next bill! If you want a more automatic approach, you should consider investing in some technology, like smart plugs, or smart thermostats, to help you narrow things down.

How to Calculate the Full Load Ampacity of a Transformer

  By ,







Knowing how to calculate the full load ampacity of a transformer is a very important calculation to have in your bag of tricks as a meter technician. Here I want to show you how to do the calculation as well as provide why you want to calculate the full load ampacity of a transformer. Finally, I will show you how you can use the calculation to troubleshoot a transformer-rated metering installation.

How to calculate the full load ampacity of a Transformer

There a couple of things that you need to know before you start to calculate the full load ampacity of the transformer in question. First, what are you even calculating? You need to know what your answer represents before you go punching numbers into your calculator. The full load ampacity describes how many amps the transformer is designed to handle. This is important because it helps determine what size transformer is needed to handle a particular load.

Many times we receive information about load in terms of amps. Well, most transformers are sized based on KVA, kilovolt-amperes. Since transformer are sized based on KVA we need to convert this number to amps in order to know what the transformer is capable of handling.

Next we need to know a couple of other things. One is the line to line voltage of the secondary output of the transformer. You also need to know if the transformer is a single phase transformer or a three phase transformer. Once you know all of this information you can start with the calculation. For simplicity we will start with 100 KVA single phase 240v transformer. To calculate the full load ampacity use the following formula:

KVA x 1000

Line to Line voltage

So, for a 100 KVA transformer we will multiply 100 x 1000 and then divide it by 240v.

100 x 1000

240v

That gives us 416.67 amps. So, for a 100 KVA 240v single phase transformer the full load ampacity is 416.67 amps.

Next let’s calculate the full load ampacity of a three phase transformer. There is one more step that you have to do in order to find the full load ampacity and that is to use the square root of 3 which rounds out to around 1.732. Let’s do the same thing for a 120/208v three phase transformer. Use the following formula:

KVA x 1000

Line to Line voltage x 1.732

For a 120/208v three phase 100 KVA tranformer we calculate the full load ampacity as follows:

100 x 1000

208 x 1.732

That gives us 277.58 amps. So, for a 100 KVA 120/208v three phase transformer the full load ampacity is 277.58 amps.







Why Calculate the full load Ampacity?

Now that you know how to calculate the full load amps of a transformer you probably are wondering why in the world you did that in the first place.

One reason specific to metering is that it tells you the number of amps a transformer is capable of producing so you can size your CT’s accordingly. In both examples above you can get away with using 200:5 CT’s with a rating factor of at least 3. This covers the entire operating range of each transformer.

Another reason to know the full load amps is that it ensures that you are not over or undersizing your transformer. An undersized transformer is one that is going to have a shorter life span because of the excess heat that is generated due to being overloaded. An oversized transformer is a transformer that is being under utilized. This adds up in the form of increased system losses because even though the tranformer has plenty of capacity the coils still have to be energized and this can be thought of as waste.

As new loads like cryptocurrency mining come onto the grid, it will be more and more important to know how to calculate the full load ampacity of transformers.

Troubleshooting

Knowing how to calculate the full load ampacity of a transformer can help you troubleshoot the entire installation. You as the meter tech will most likely be going out and testing transformer-rated metering installations. Many of these will be installed on tranformers that are serving only one customer. When you test the site you will find out how many amps are on the service either using an ammeter or the toolbox function on the meter itself. You can then take this information and compare it to the full load capacity of the transfomer.

Another thing that you will do is look at the demand on a transfomer by looking at all of the meters being served by a particular transformer. Looking at each meter individually will only let you know what each service is pulling on its own. If you add each of these service together you will be able to tell whether or not the transformer is sized properly.

For instance:

  • If the combined demand approaches or exceeds the transformer’s full load ampacity, the transformer is overloaded and may fail prematurely.
  • If the combined demand is significantly below the transformer’s full load ampacity, the transformer might be oversized, leading to inefficiencies.

Additionally, when troubleshooting, calculate the load balance between phases for three-phase transformers. Imbalanced phases can lead to increased losses, overheating, and reduced transformer life.

Using a voltmeter is another essential step in troubleshooting. A voltmeter allows you to verify the voltage levels at the transformer’s terminals and ensure they are within the expected range. Abnormal voltage readings can indicate issues such as overloading, unbalanced loads, or wiring problems. For a detailed guide on how to effectively use a voltmeter in your work, check out How to Master Your Voltmeter: A Guide for Meter Technicians.

Conclusion

Finding the full load ampacity of a transformer is a very useful calculation to have on hand. It can alert you to problems that may arise on your system as well as help you install the right size CT’s.

Understanding and calculating the full load ampacity of a transformer is an essential skill for any meter technician. It not only helps you ensure proper transformer sizing but also aids in effective troubleshooting of metering installations. From identifying potential overloading issues to optimizing transformer efficiency, this knowledge empowers you to maintain reliable and efficient electrical systems. By combining this calculation with tools like ammeters and voltmeters, you can diagnose and resolve problems confidently.

For more information on metering and transformer troubleshooting, continue exploring the resources here on LearnMetering.com.







Hot Sockets in Meter Bases

  By









Hot sockets are one of the things hot socketthat you will encounter if you spend anytime working in self-contained meter bases or changing meters. Here I want to discuss a few things that cause hot sockets, what kind of damage a hot socket can cause and what Meter Technicians look for when changing meters to spot a hot socket.

What causes Hot Sockets?

The biggest cause of hot sockets seems to be in my experience, loose connections. Loose connections can be at a couple of different places in the meter base. One of the places is where the wire attaches to the lugs. This is a notorious spot that heats up over time when it is not tightened properly. What happens is over time little micro arcs occur between the loose wire and the lug causing it to overheat. This, in turn, causes the socket terminal where the meter plugs in to overheat and voila, you have your first cause of a hot socket.

Another cause is the terminal or socket itself. In most meter bases these are spring loaded jaws that apply force to the terminals on the back of the meter. When the meter is pulled and set these jaws open and close back. Sometimes plastic boots are installed on the terminals of the meter in order to turn off a customer for non-payment or for any other reason. The more a meter is pulled in and out of these jaws the looser they become. When they get slack then tiny micro arcs happen which causes the terminal to overheat and we have another cause of a hot socket.

Yet another cause is the hot and the cold along with fluctuations in the load. As the metal in the terminals heats up and cools down due to the weather and load changes it expands and contracts. This over time can cause the jaws to loosen up and overheat.

A hot socket can also be caused where the terminal is put together or attaches to the bus bar in the meter base. Sometimes it is a screw or bolt and other times it is springloaded jaws that connect to bus bar. Either way, any slackness and you will eventually end up with a hot socket.

What kind of damage can a Hot Socket cause?

A hot socket is a very dangerous occurence. The worst thing it could cause is a house fire. You can see in the picures below that a hot socket in a meter base can lead to melted wire. It can also lead to overheated terminals on the meter itself. This causes irreversible damage to the meter to the point that the meter has to be replaced.

hot socket

Especially with the newer solid state meters there seems to be a lower tolerance for overheating of the terminals in a meter base. It is also not uncommon for customers who have hot sockets to experience flickering and dimming lights.

What to look for when changing meters?

When changing meters it is imperative that before pulling out any meter a quick visual inspection is done. This includes looking at the front of the meter and visually inspecting the wiring and terminals before pulling the meter out. It is very important not to take this step for granted. When terminals get so hot that they fail they can actually weld the terminals to the socket. This along with melted blocks in the meter base can cause a serious safety issue when pulling the meter.









So, look at the back of the meter the best you can before pulling it out. Once the meter is out you need to visually inspect the meter and the meter base before installing a new one. Some of the signs of an overheated terminal on a meter are discoloration and melting of the base plate. Likewise, some of the signs of a hot socket are discoloration and melted blocks and wire.

If you find this situation do not put a meter back in. The blocks, and possibly the wire and meter will all need to be replaced. Depending on you jurisdiction, this may be up to the utility or the homeowner to repair.

Conclusion

Hot sockets are something that every utility deals with. Be sure to be on the lookout for the causes and effects of hot sockets to keep those meters turning. As always, like us on Facebook and invite your friends!







3 Reasons Why You Should Be Using PT’s

  By








Why use PT’s? That is a good question and this post offers three reasons why you should be using PT’s in your transformer-rated services. First, let’s review what PT’s are. PT stands for potential transformer. Some people call them VT’s which stands for voltage transformer. The names can be used interchangeably. PT’s are used to step down the voltage in a transformer-rated service to a safer and more manageable level. If you want more information on PT’s then check out our page on CT’s and PT’s. That brings us to the three reasons why you should be using PT’s.

Safety

The biggest reason why you should be using PT’s in your transformer-rated services is safety. Safety is very critical for your metering personnel and lineman. So, how do PT’s increase safety? Remember that PT’s step down voltage from a higher voltage to a lower voltage. For instance, if you have a 3 wire 480v delta service you could use 4:1 PT’s to step the voltage down at the meter base to 120v. This is much safer for utility personnel to work with.

Anything above 240v should be using PT’s to increase the safety of metering personnel and lineman. This means that instead of allowing 480v 4 wire wye and 3 wire delta self-contained services you should consider using a CT cabinet with CT’s and PT’s no matter how small the service is. This can help prevent exposure to 480v.

Prevent Catastrophic Meter Failure By Using PT’s

Below you can see what happens when a self-contained 480v meter blows up. This particular service was not even

Form 12s 480v meter blows up

Form 12s 480v meter blows up

in use at the time. The building that this meter serves is vacant. This is an Itron Sentinel form 12s meter installed in a 480v 3 wire delta service. Things like this can and do happen. If however, this installation had been metered with instrument transformers and used a CT cabinet or even overhead metering this meter would probably have not blown up. It does need to be mentioned however that if something in the service caused this meter to blow up then most likely had PT’s been used, one of the PT’s would have blown as well.

I can hear what you are saying right now. Well, if the PT is going to blow to then what is the point? The point is that when a PT blows it is generally not a catastrophic failure like shown in the pictures. Sometimes when a PT goes bad it is even hard to tell from the outside that anything has happened. Yes, you will still have a PT to replace but the failure will not be catastrophic. Although not the case in the pictures, often times when a meter blows like this the meter base needs to be replaced as well. Also, when a meter fails like this it can create fires as well. Which brings us to our last reason why you should be using PT’s.







Reduce Customer Downtime By Using PT’s

When you have a meter failure like the one shown in the pictures what does that mean for your customers? That means that they are going to have some downtime while you make the necessary repairs. At a very minimum you are going to have to replace the meter. Many utilities now have policies that prevent their personnel from working on 480v services while they are still energized. This means that while any repairs are made power to your customers will remain off. This can be the case even in the event that you are using a transformer-rated service with PT’s. In the

Form 12s 480v meter failureevent of a meter failure on a self-contained service like the one shown above power will be turned off until a new meter can be set. If the meter base is burned up or if a fire is caused this can mean that an electrician will have to be hired by the customer and also that the fire department will come out and inspect as well. Sometimes this means that the customer will have to pass inspections before the service can be restored. This can be a few days sometimes. If however a PT fails, the power may only need to be off for 30 minutes while the bad PT is replaced and everyone can go on their merry way.

Conclusion

PT’s are an essential tool that can be used to increase the safety of utility personnel who work on metering installations. When used properly they can help prevent catastrophic failure of metering installations. On top of that when used, PT’s can reduce the downtime your customers experience by reducing the number of meter failures and by reducing the time it takes to make repairs when a failure does occur.




Form 12s Meter Wiring Diagram

  By








The form 12s meter can be one of the more confusing meter forms out there. So, here I want to provide a form 12s meter wiring diagram in two different configurations. One is the 120/208 network service.  The other form 12s meter wiring diagram is the form 12s meter in a delta service.

Form 12s Meter Wiring Diagram Network Service

The form 12s meter can be used with the network service. The network service comes from taking two legs off of a three phase wye transformer and using the neutral. So, if you measure voltage from each phase to ground you should get 120v. Also, if you measure voltage from phase to phase you should get 208v.

This service is typically found in businesses that are located in a downtown area or businesses that are located in an industrial park. The reason for this is that many of these businesses do not require a full three phase service. So, the utility will pull two legs and a neutral off of the nearest wye transformer and call it a day.

Looking at the diagram you notice that there are two yellow terminals. These are either or terminals. Meaning that you connect the wire to one or the other in the meter socket. Also, some meter sockets do not come with this 5th terminal pre-installed. You have to purchase a 5th terminal separately and install it yourself.

With some form 2s meter sockets there are provisions to install a 5th terminal. The form 12s is also known as a self-contained meter. This means that the meter is installed in series with the load. Pulling the meter will also turn off the power.







Form 12s Meter Delta Wiring Diagram

For the form 12s delta wiring diagram we are going to talk about the service. This is the diagram for using a 12s with a delta service. Note that this is a three phase service. If you notice there is no difference in how it is actually wired. I used different colors here to denote the difference but it is actually physically wired the same way.

This could be a 120v, 240, or 480v delta service. My recommendation, as always, is against using a self-contained meter for voltages above 240v however. In the center of this diagram following the blue wire again this is an either or connection. You can connect the wire to the left center terminal or the bottom center terminal. Also note that the stab on the back of the meter is interchangeable.

Since this is a three phase service when measuring voltage across any of the three phases you should get the same voltage.

As always remember that the colors in the diagram are for illustration purposes only. You should always use the colors your utility uses.







 

Form 4s Meter Wiring Diagram

  By








The form 4s meter is the meter form used to meter single phase three wire services. Below is the form 4s meter wiring diagram. As always remember that there is no standard on colors in the metering field. So, always use your company standard as far as the color code goes. The colors here are chosen at random so they show up in the drawing.

Form 4s Meter Wiring Diagram

For the form 4s meter wiring diagram let’s start at the bottom. Notice that we are going to be metering a single-phase three-wire service. We have two phase wires and a neutral. Make note that this is the same type of service that you find on most homes. The only difference is that it is larger. Homes are typically metered with a 200 amp meter base. Furthermore, anything above that normally requires CT’s.

Ok, so we have two phases. Using Blondel’s Theorem we know that since we have three wires we are going to need two CT’s. However, each CT is installed on a different phase. Remember that the orientation of the CT’s are important. The polarity marking needs to face back towards the line side or the transformer. Hence the old adage, “dot to the pot.”








Going up the diagram from the CT’s we have wires X1 and X2 on each CT. It is also important to note that X1 is connected to the meter socket terminals labeled “current in,” and X2 is connected back to the neutral. Wire these backwards and the meter will not register correctly.

Staying in the CT circuit we go to the current return terminals. These wires connect back to the neutral to create a return path for the current.

Voltages

After tracing out all of the current wires we trace out the voltage wires. Notice that in this case the voltage wires connect directly to the service wires. If we were using PT’s in this service we would connect the voltage wires to the PTs.

What voltage should you expect in this service? You should expect to see a voltage of 240v between each phase. Also from each phase to ground or neutral you should expect to see 120v. Now there are some odd 480v services out there that use this service so be aware.

Where do we normally see the form 4s?

The form 4s meter is a transformer rated, also known as a CT meter, and is typically installed on large residences who have 400 amp or larger services.

It is also found on large businesses with the same requirements. Also, it can also be found on temporary services. These can include saw services or temporary trailers for schools.






Form 2s Meter Wiring Diagram

  By









By far the most commonly used meter in the United States is the form 2s meter. Here is a form 2s meter wiring diagram. I also want to offer some notes about the form 2s service here.









Where is the Form 2s Meter Installed

Being the most popular meter out there it comes as no surprise that the form 2s meter is installed on both residences and businesses. It comes in both regular Kwh only format and is available with a demand register as well. Regardless the meter socket for the form 2s meter is wired the same way.

The Form 2s Meter Wiring Diagram

Ok, now that we know where the form 2s meter is installed let’s take a look at the form 2s meter wiring diagram. Notice that the form 2s meter is what is known as a self-contained meter form. This means that the meter is in series with the load. So, when the meter is pulled out of the meter socket the power to the service will go off. Of course, this happens so long as there is not a bypass meter base installed.

Alright, the power comes in from the utility on the line side of the meter base which is the top side. There are two terminals that the two phase wires will attach to. These terminals connect to the jaws that hold the meter in the socket. The next thing that you notice is the neutral wire. The neutral connects to a lug that is normally but not always in the center of the meter socket. Continuing on we see the ground connection. Most meter sockets now contain terminals specifically for the ground wire. This wire is connected to a driven ground rod.

On the bottom side of the meter socket we have the load side terminals. This is where you connect the wires that go into the house and connect to the panel. Notice that you also have both phase wires and a neutral.

I also want to make note of the colors in this diagram. The colors were chosen so they show up on the diagram. Always be sure to follow local and national codes with regard to wire color codes.

Voltages

The most common voltage for this type of service is 120/240. This means that if you check the voltage between the two phase wires you should get 240v. And if you check the voltage from each phase to ground or neutral you should get 120v. If you are having problems with the voltage on this service check out this post on flickering and dimming lights to help you with troubleshooting.

Follow the link to find out how others have learned How to Wire a Form 2s Meter Base.