Tag: demand meter

Demand Response: Balancing Energy Needs and Grid Stability

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Introduction

Demand response (DR) is a critical strategy in the energy sector, allowing consumers to actively manage their electricity usage. In this article, we’ll explore what demand response is, its significance, and how it impacts both consumers and the grid. Additionally, we’ll delve into the concept of demand meters and their role in measuring and calculating demand.

Demand Response: Balancing Energy Needs and Grid Stability

What Is Demand Response?

  1. Definition:
    • Demand response involves adjusting electricity consumption based on external signals, such as price incentives or real-time dispatch instructions.
    • It aims to balance the grid by shifting or shedding electricity demand during peak periods.
    • As renewable energy sources like wind and solar generation become dominant, demand response becomes increasingly crucial.
  2. Why Demand Response Matters:
    • Traditional grid management adjusts supply (power plant production) to meet demand. However, demand-side adjustments are equally important.
    • Innovations in grid technologies like AMI are paving the way for demand response programs.
    • DR helps match power demand with supply, improving grid stability.
    • Customers receive signals (e.g., off-peak metering) to modify their consumption behavior.
    • It reduces strain during peak hours and supports sustainable energy practices.
    • Demand response programs may soon be crucial for utilities to adopt as crypto mining, and EV charging puts more of a strain on existing infrastructure.

Calculating Demand

  1. Understanding Demand:
    • Electricity bills typically include two charges: energy (kWh) and demand (measured in kilowatt-hours, and kW).
    • kWh represents the total energy used over a billing cycle.
    • Demand reflects the rate at which energy is used (kW).
  2. Example:
    • Consider two scenarios:
      • Customer A: Runs 10 light bulbs (100 watts each) for one hour.
      • Customer B: Runs one light bulb (100 watts) continuously for one hour.
    • Customer A’s demand is higher, 1 kW, due to simultaneous bulb usage, requiring a larger transformer.
    • Customer B’s demand is lower 0.1 kW.
  3. Utility Perspective:
    • Demand charges help utilities recover infrastructure costs.
    • Larger equipment for high-demand customers requires substantial investment.
    • Demand charges incentivize efficient energy use.

Demand Meters

  1. What Are Demand Meters?:
    • Demand meters measure and record peak power consumption.
    • They are essential for commercial and industrial customers. Some utilities now offer demand rates for residential customers as well.
    • Demand meters calculate demand within the meter itself.
  2. Calculation Methods:
    • Demand can be calculated using block or rolling scales.
    • A few common demand intervals are 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes.

Conclusion

Demand response plays a pivotal role in maintaining grid stability and promoting sustainable energy practices. By understanding demand meters and actively managing consumption, consumers like cryptocurrency miners can use demand response programs to contribute to a more efficient and reliable power system.

Remember, every kilowatt counts!

Primary Metering vs Secondary Metering

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Primary metering and secondary metering are two different ways of metering the usage of different customers. Though the way they are installed differs, there are some similarities as well. There are also reasons why you choose primary metering over secondary metering and vice versa.

What is the Difference Between Primary Metering and Secondary Metering?

The biggest difference between primary metering and secondary metering are the voltages. In primary metering, the metering is installed on the high voltage lines. Many times when referring to primary metering we are talking about distribution lines. Some common voltages for distribution lines are 12,470v and 24 kv.

Since primary metering installs its equipment on the primary, the metering equipment is rated for this higher voltage. This means that the instrument transformers, CTs and PTs, are bigger than what you would find in a secondary metering installation. Primary metering installations are typically found in three places. They are found overhead on a pole, underground in an enclosure, and they are found in substations.

Whether on a pole, in an enclosure or in a substation, a primary metering installation uses basically the same things. Depending on the type of service, from one to three CT’s and PTs are used.

In secondary metering installations the voltage is lower than in primary installations. Secondary metering is installed on the secondary outputs of both overhead and underground transformers. It can also be installed in CT cabinets or at the riser of an overhead installation.

Depending on the utility PTs may be optional on voltages over 120v. Other utilities require PTs on anything over 240v. This is my recommendation








What are the Similarities Between Primary Metering and Secondary Metering?

Actually, they are quite similar. The secondary sides of the CTs and PTs wire the same. They are both marked with H1 H2 and X1 X2. This lets you know where to put your wires. Believe it or not, you actually use the same meter form numbers for both. Obviously this depends on the service being metered of course. If you have a single phase tap line that you want to meter with primary metering you have one CT and one PT. You can meter this with a form 3s meter. Just like if you were to have a two wire secondary service. You can use a form 3s meter.

The meter multipliers are calculated the same way. Use the CT ratio times the PT ratio and you have your multiplier.

Why Choose Primary Metering Over Secondary Metering?

This is best described with an example. Lets say that you own an apartment complex and the utilities are included with the rent. The tenants do not pay electric bills to the power company. Instead of having an hundred power bills in the mail every month you have one bill with the total usage.

The same works if you are large factory with several buildings all feeding off of the same primary. You can get one bill from just one meter. This may actually save you money as well in demand charges as well as facilities fees. Check with your utility on this though.

Another scenario may include metering a cryptocurrency operation.

Why Choose Secondary Metering Over Primary Metering?

The biggest reason to choose secondary metering over primary metering is the ability to monitor the usage of each transformer. This alerts you to problems early on that can be fixed before they get too big. This can also help if you are a landlord over an apartment complex. You can make sure that everyone is paying their fair share of the electricity by having them pay their own bills.

Conclusion

Primary metering and secondary metering are both good ways to meter a customer’s service. They are two different approaches to the same problem. You can meter a large industrial customer with primary metering equipment even though they may have ten different transformers on their site. You could also meter those ten transformers with secondary meter and come out the same.








Meter Multipliers

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Watthour meter multipliers are used whenever current transformers and/or voltage transformers are used in a metering circuit. The most often question that I am asked about watthour meter multipliers is how to calculate the watthour meter multiplier. It really is a simple thing to do and this article will explain.

Current Transformers and Potential Transformers

CT’s and PT’s are used to step down current and voltage in a metering circuit to a safe and measurable level. But this leaves us with a little bit of math to do to accurately calculate the number of KWH or kilowatt hours the customer has used.

To calculate the meter multiplier we need to know what the CT ratio and PT ratio are. The best way to explain this is with an example.

Meter Multiplier Example 1

Let’s say for instance that you have a 120/208 three phase 4 wire wye service that is using 400/5 CTs.

How would you determine the watthour meter multiplier? You would simply do the math. 400/5 means 400 divided by 5 and if we do this math we come up with an answer of 80, this is our watthour meter multiplier. What if we had 600/5 CTs? 600 divided by 5 is 120, so our watthour meter multiplier is 120.




Now what if the service that we are metering is a 480v service and we are using PTs? For this example let’s assume we are metering a 480v three phase 4 wire wye service by using 400/5 CTs and 2.4/1 PTs. How do we come up with the watthour meter multiplier in this example? We would use the same method as before to find the CT ratio and do the math of 400 divided by 5 which equals 80 but we are not finished because in this example we also have PTs. Before we do the math let’s remember Ohms’s law which says that Watts = volts x amps. Let’s also remember what we are trying to figure out. We are trying to find the multiplier for the WATThour meter. So to find watts we need to multiply volts x amps. We already know the amps part of the equation equals 80 so what is the volts part? It is 2.4 because 2.4 divided by 1 is 2.4. So, we now multiply 80 x 2.4 and we come up with 192 which is our watthour meter multipler.

Meter Muliplier Example 2

Another example with PTs and CTs. Say you have a 480v three phase three wire service with 200/5 CTs and 4/1 PTs. What is the watthour meter multiplier? 200 divided by 5 equals 40. 4 divided by 1 equals 4. So, 40 x 4 = 160. Thus, the watthour meter multiplier would be 160.

When you divide out the CT ratio and PT ratio and multiply them together this is also known as the transformer factor.

Conclusion

So, there you have it.

To calculate watthour meter multipliers first you need to determine whether there are CTs and PTs or only CTs in the circuit. Next, divide out the ratios. And lastly, multiply the ratios to determine the watthour meter multiplier.